2. Terminology
2.1. General format for terms and definitions
In a terminological network, a term is defined by a set of relations to other terms. The relations are standardized. At least the following relations hold between linguistic concepts:
1. x (as an individual) is a (kind of) y
e.g.: ablative is a case
is a nominal category
minal category is a morphological category
causative verb is a verb2. x (as a class) is a y
e.g.: adjective is a word class
nasal is a phoneme class
causative verb is a verb class3. x is a class of y
e.g.: word class is a class of word
phoneme class is a class of phoneme
verb class is a class of verb4. x is a part/element of y
e.g.: word order is part of syntax
syntax is part of grammar
grammar is part of language system5. x is an aspect/property of y
e.g.: arbitrariness is aspect of linguistic sign
nominal category is aspect of noun
adequacy is aspect of theory
endocentricity is aspect of syntagm6. x is an operator of (the operation/process) y
e.g.: case is operator of case marking
comparative is operator of comparison
quantifier is operator of quantification7. x is a result of (the operation/process) y
e.g.: cleft sentence is result of clefting
definite description is result of determination
ideophone is result of sound symbolism8. x is a member of (the relation) y
e.g.: adjunct is member of adjunction
subordinate clause is member of subordination
attribute is member of attribution
allomorph is member of allomorphy9. x is a manifestation of (the functional domain) y
e.g.: possessive affix is manifestation of possession
case role is manifestation of participation
local relator is manifestation of spatial orientation10. x expresses y
e.g.: article expresses determination
interrogative sentence expresses question
case expresses case relation
personal affix expresses person11. x is an object of (the discipline) y
e.g.: agglutination is object of morphological typology
aphasia is object of speech pathology
meaning is object of semantics
concept is object of logic.12. x is a representative of (the discipline) y
e.g.: Bloomfield is representative of American structuralism
Saussure is representative of European structuralism
Pike is representative of tagmemics13. x is cross-related to y
e.g.: adequacy is cross-related to naturalness
adjective is cross-related to attribute
adposition is cross-related to affix
accusative is cross-related to direct object
anaphora is cross-related to referential identityThese relations have different logical properties. #1, 3 and 4 are transitive. All of them except #13 are subordinative, i.e. they generate a conceptual hierarchy. #13 will become superfluous once the subordinative relations have been enumerated exhaustively and have been made fully explicit.
Once properties are introduced besides relations, some of the relations are seen to be compound. E.g.:
is an object of the discipline (x, y) iff is a discipline (y) and is an object of (x, y).
If a distinction between sets and non-sets could be made, then the relation is part/element of could be differentiated into 1) is element/subset of and 2) is part of.
Some of these relations are purely logical, others are peculiar to linguistics. Some connect concepts of like logical status (e.g. #1), others concepts of quite different status (e.g. #12).
A major problem is posed by the systematic polysemy of terms like syntax:
a. syntax is part of the object area of linguistics:
→ word order is a part of syntax;
b. syntax is a discipline
→ word order is an object of the discipline syntax.
2.2. Abbreviations of terms
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0 submorphemic unit morphological unit 1 first person person 12 first person dual inclusive dual inclusive 12 first and second person person 1HML speaker-humble humble 1HON speaker-honorific honorific 2 second person person 2HML addressee-humble humble 2HON addressee-honorific honorific 3 third person person 3HML referent-humble humble 3HON referent-honorific honorific A transitive subject agreement subject agreement A transitive subject subject ABL ablative case ABS absolutive case ABSL absolute nominal category abstr abstract nominal category ABSTR abstract marker derivational morpheme ACAUS anticausative detransitivizer ACC accusative case ACCES accessory case ACNNR action nominalizer nominalizer ACR actor 1 inflectional category ACT active voice actr actor 2 semantic role ADEL adelative case ADESS adessive case ADIT aditive case Adj adjective word, part of speech Adjl adjectival adjn adjectivalization derivation, syntactic process AdjP adjective phrase syntactic category, phrase ADJR adjectivalizer ADM admonitive case AdNCl adnominal noun clause noun clause, attribute Adp adposition relator, particle AdpP adposition phrase syntactic category, phrase AdRlCl adverbial relative clause adverbial clause, relative clause Adv adverb word, part of speech AdvCl adverbial clause subordinate clause, adverbial Advl adverbial modifier Advn adverbialization derivation, syntactic process AdvP adverb phrase syntactic category, phrase ADVR adverbializer ADVRS adversative subordinate clause AFCT affect 1 affix Afct affect 2 syntactic category aff affix morpheme AFFMT affirmative AG agentive case Ag agent actor 2 AGNR agent nominalizer nominalizer Agr agreement syntactic technique AL alienable ALL allative case ALLOC allocutive addressee-honorific AN animate nominal category ANA anaphoric AND andative case ANT anterior relative tense AOR aorist aspect APASS antipassive voice app apposition attribute APPL applicative APPR apprehensional subordinate clause Art article word, part of speech Asp aspect verbal category ASRT assertive mood ASSOC associative case AT attributor linker ATT attenuative aktionsart attid attitudinal adverbial attrib attributive AUG augmentative size AUX auxiliary grammatical formative, part of speech AVERS aversive case B bound BEN benefactive 1 case Ben benefactive 2 verbal derivation ben benefactive 3 semantic role between word or clitic between two elements word, clitic CARD cardinal number nominal category Card cardinal numeral cat category concept CAUS causative verbal category CCnj coordinative conjunction conjunction CdCl conditional clause adverbial clause CdCnj conditional conjunction conjunction CIRC circumstantial subordinate clause Cl clause syntactic construction cldub clitic doubling syntactic process CLF classifier CLn noun class n nominal category CLT clitic word CLVn verb class n verbal category, linguistic class CMP completive aspect CMPR comparative nominal category CmprCl comparative clause subordinate clause Cnj conjunction connective CNTV conative mood CO coordinator COLL collective colloqu colloquial COM comitative case COMM common gender COMP complementizer 1 subordinator 1, complementizer 2 Comp complementizer 2 subordinator 2 CompCl complement clause complement 2 Compl complement 1 sentence component Con connective particle, relator CONC concessive mood COND conditional mood CONN connector connective CONSEC consecutive subordinate clause CONST construct nominal category CONT continuous aktionsart COP copula 1 copula 2 Cop copula 2 verb Corr correlative CprC comparative construction syntactic construction CRAS crastinal tense CRlCl completive relative clause relative clause CsCl concessive clause adverbial clause CsCnj concessive conjunction conjunction ctr contrast syntagmatic relation D1 deictic of 1 person D12 deictic of 12 person D2 deictic of 2 person D3 deictic of 3 person DAT dative case DE dual exclusive dual, exclusive Decl declension DECL declarative mood def definite article article DEF definite DEFR deferential honorific Degr degree DEL delative case DEM demonstrative deriv derivational morpheme morpheme DES desiderative verbal category descr descriptive DEST destinative case Det determiner syntactic category DetP determiner phrase phrase, syntactic category DETR detransitivizer DI dual inclusive dual, inclusive dial used in some dialect but not the standard DIM diminutive size DIR directional 1 case Dir directional 2 derivational morpheme DirAdv directional adverbial adverbial DirC direct case case disc discontinuity dispf dispreference DIST distal deictic of 1 person DO direct object agreement object agreement DObj direct object object Dprn demonstrative pronoun pronoun DR direct verbal category DS different subject verbal category DSTR distributive nominal category, verbal category DU dual number DUB dubitative mood DUR durative aktionsart DWNT downtoner particle DYN dynamic aspect EGR egressive aktionsart ELAT elative case EMPH emphasizer 1 emphasizer 2 Emph emphasizer 2 grammatical formative EMPH emphatic encl enclitic epist epistemic EQT equative morphological category ERG ergative 1 case Erg ergative 2 complement ESS essive case ev eventive eval evaluative Evid evidential modality EXCL exclamative mood EXIST exist(ential) verb EXP experiential aspect exp experiencer semantic role Expl expletive element extra extraposition word order EXTRV extraversive transitive F feminine gender FACT factitive FAM familiar pronominal category fav favoured FIN finite FNL final position marker position marker Fnl final fo force semantic role FOC focus marker emphasizer 2 Foc focusing emphasis FocP focus position position FREQ frequentative aktionsart FRM formal mood frm found only in formal varieties of the language formal FUT future tense G ditransitive "goal" semantic role GEN genitive case Gend gender nominal class GER gerund nonfinite verb, verbal noun giv given GivTop given topic topic, given gnr generic expression GNR generic go goal semantic role HAB habitual aspect HCR hypocoristic affect HEST hesternal tense HML humble behavior of address HODFUT hodiernal future future HODPST hodiernal past past HON honorific HORT hortative mood HUM human nominal category HYP hypothetical mood Idprn indefinite pronoun pronoun Idx index formal symbol ILL illative case IMMFUT immediate future future IMP imperative mood IMPF imperfect tense imposs impossible IMPR impersonal personal affix INAL inalienable INAN inanimate nominal category INCH inchoative aktionsart INCONS inconsequential mood IND indicative mood INDEF indefinite Indef indefinite article article INESS inessive case Inf infinitive nonfinite verb, verbal noun INF infinitive marker verbal category infl inflection INFR inferential mood INGR ingressive aktionsart INJ injunctive mood INST instrumental case INSTNR instrument nominalizer nominalizer instr instrument semantic role Int intensifier INT interrogative question particle, morphological category Interr interrogative word word, interrogative Intj interjection particle INTR intransitive verbal category intro used typically only in introductory sentences INTRV introversive detransitivizer INTS intensive aktionsart INV inverse verbal category inv inversion word order, movement rule INVS invisible IO indirect object agreement object agreement IObj indirect object object IPFV imperfective aspect Iprn interrogative pronoun pronoun IPS impersonal passive passive IpSbj impersonal subject subject IRLS irrealis mood IS intransitive subject agreement subject agreement ISbj intransitive subject subject ITER iterative aktionsart, verbal plurality jrl journalist usage language level JUSS jussive mood Juxt juxtaposed LAT lative case Ld left dislocation extraposition, topicalization lex lexical LIG ligature LNK linker LOC locative local case loc local rest semantic role LOCNR place nominalizer nominalizer LOG logophoric pronoun M masculine gender MAL malefactive MAN manner 1 case man manner 2 semantic role MANNR manner nominalizer nominalizer marg marginal MCl main clause clause type Md mood verbal category Mdl modal MED medial deictic of 2 person MEDP mediopassive voice MEDT mediative case MEDV medial verb form MHUM masculine personal personal MID middle voice middle middle of clause; area between Aux V position Mod modifier sentence component Modif modification linguistic operation morph morphological MRlCl modal relative clause adverbial relative clause, modal MTV motivative case N noun word, part of speech NAbstr abstract noun noun Nagr nominal agreement agreement Nal alienable noun noun NARR narrative tense narrsequ used typically in narrative sequences NB not bound NBprt body part noun noun Nbr number nominal category NCl noun clause complement clause Nclf numeral classifier classifier NCMP noncompletive aspect Ncol collective noun noun NComm common noun noun class NCount count noun noun NEG negative NFIN nonfinite verbal category NFNL nonfinal position marker position marker Nfoc nonfocus NFUT nonfuture tense NHUM nonhuman nominal category Ninal inalienable noun noun NKin kinship noun noun Nl nominal syntactic category NlCas cased nominal nominal NMass mass noun noun NMHUM nonmasculine personal personal nodiff no difference NOM nominative case NP noun phrase syntactic category, phrase NPL non-plural number NProp proper noun noun NPST nonpast tense NR nominalizer NRFUT near future future NRPST near past past NSG non-singular number NSPEC nonspecific NT neuter gender Ntop nontopic Num numeral noun Num+ORD ordinal numeral numeral NumP numeral phrase noun phrase NVCl non-verbal clause clause NVIS non-visual evidential evidential NVOL nonvolitional mood OBJ object agreement verbal agreement Obj object complement OBL oblique oblique case Obl oblique case case OBLG obligative mood oblig obligatory syntagmatic relation OBV obviative person Obvn obviation morphological position occ occurrence linguistic unit OComp object of comparison object OPT optative mood optl optional syntagmatic relation ORD ordinal numeral out word or clitic outside of the possessive construction word, clitic P transitive patient complement P1 initial position corresponding to GB Comp position position PART participle marker Part participle nonfinite verb, verbal noun PASS passive voice Pat patient undergoer PATNR patient nominalizer nominalizer PAU paucal number Pclf possessive classifier classifier PE plural exclusive plural, exclusive PEJ pejorative affect periph periphrastic PERL perlative case Pers person verbal category, nominal category, pronominal category PF perfect tense PFV perfective aspect PI plural inclusive plural, inclusive PL plural number PLUP pluperfect tense PNCT punctual aktionsart PO primary object agreement object agreement PObj primary object object POCRAS postcrastinal tense poetic used only in poetry style POHOD post-hodiernal PoP postposition phrase phrase Posp postposition adposition POSS possessive possb possible possm possessed possr possessor post postposed POST posterior relative tense POSTEL postelative case POSTESS postessive case postV postverbal position POT potential mood Pprn personal pronoun pronoun PREC precative mood PRECLUS preclusive case PRED predicative PredP predicate phrase phrase pref prefix affix prefr preference Prep preposition adposition PrepP preposition phrase syntactic category, phrase prev preverb morpheme, relator preV preverbal position PRHEST pre-hesternal tense Prn pronoun noun PROC processual PROCESS processive procl proclitic clitic PROG progressive aspect PROH prohibitive mood PROL prolative case PROPR proprietive possessive PROSP prospective aspect PROX proximal deictic of 1 person PRS present tense PRTV partitive case PRV privative case PRX proximate person ps personal Psaff personal affix affix psd-cl pseudo cleft sentence complex sentence PsPass personal passive passive PST past tense PstnRlCl postnominal relative clause relative clause Ptl particle morpheme, word, part of speech PURP purposive case purp purpose semantic role Q question particle particle QLNR quality nominalizer nominalizer Qnt quantifier word, part of speech QntP quantifier phrase phrase 1 QUOT quotative Rcprn reciprocal 2 pronoun Rd disjuncture extraposition RDP reduplicative submorphemic unit rec recipient semantic role RECP reciprocal 1 voice RECPST recent past past REFR referential determination REL relative clause marker REL relative morpheme RelCl relative clause attribute, clause type REMFUT remote future future REMPST remote past past REP repetitive aktionsart RES resultative aspect, aktionsart restop resumed topic topic restr restrictive RFL reflexive 1 voice Rflprn reflexive 2 pronoun RFR referentive case rigid does not allow variation RLS realis mood RPRN relative pronoun pronoun RPRT reportative RVRS reversive aktionsart Sbj subject sentence component SBJ subject agreement verbal agreement SCnj subordinative conjunction subordinator 2 sec second sem semantic SENS sensory evidential evidential SEQ sequential set setting local adverbial SG singular number SGT singulative nominal category SIM simultaneity taxis SIM simultaneous Size size SMLF semelfactive aktionsart SO secondary object agreement object agreement SObj secondary object object sou source semantic role spa speech act SPEC specific Spec specifier SR subordinator 1 subordinator 2 SS same subject verbal category STAT stative aktionsart Std standard of comparison stlg standard language register str stress suprasegmentalia SubCl subordinate clause clause, clause type SUBEL subelative case SUBESS subessive case SUBJ subjunctive verbal category SUBL sublative case Subr subordinator 2 conjunction suff suffix affix SUP superlative nominal category SUPEL superelative case SUPESS superessive case SUPL super-lative case synth synthetic passive passive T ditransitive "theme" semantic role temp temporal temporal deictic tend tendency TERM terminative aktionsart Tns tense verbal category TOP topic TopP topic position position TR transitive verbal category Trans transitivity fundamental relation TRNSF transformative case TRNSL translative case TRR transitivizer Tshift topic shift topicalization UGR undergoer 1 inflectional category ugr undergoer 2 semantic role unacc unaccusative unerg unergative UNSPEC unspecified inflectional category V verb word, part of speech V1 verb initial position V2 verb second position Vagr verbal agreement agreement val valence relationality var variation process Vce voice verbal category VCl verbal clause clause Vdtr ditransitive verb transitive verb VEN venitive directional Vers version voice Vintr intransitive verb verb VIS visual evidential Vl verbal VN verbal noun noun VOC vocative case VOL volitional mood VP verb phrase phrase, syntactic category VR verbalizer Vrfl reflexive verb verb VS visible Vtr transitive verb verb wght weight wh-quest question word question interrogative sentence Word word grammatical unit yn yes/no question interrogative sentence