Eurotyp Guidelines, ch. 1

1. European languages

1.1. Information on European languages

Based on Britannica World Data (1991), The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992), Perepis' SSSR 1989, and other sources.

A = abbreviation
L = location
S = number of speakers
N = other names
R = remarks
G = references to grammars

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic
1. Assyrian

A: Asr
L: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan
S: 167,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Aisor; Eastern Syriac, Neo-Syrian; Nestorian; Northeastern Aramaic
2. Maltese

A: Mlt
L: Malta
S: more than 400,000 (reported in 1991)
N: Malti

G: Aquilina, Joseph. 1959. The Structure of Maltese. Repr. 1973. Malta: Royal University.

French, Edward 1978. Contemporary journalistic Maltese: an analytical and comparative study. (Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics VIII) Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Schabert, Peter. 1976. Laut- und Formenlehre des Maltesischen anhand zweier Mundarten. Erlangen: Palm & Enke.

Sutcliffe, Edmund F. 1936. A grammar of the Maltese language with chrestomathy and vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press.

Altaic

Mongolian
3. Kalmyk

A: Klm
L: Kalmykia (Autonomous Republic within the Russian Federation, on the steppes between the Don and the Volga rivers)
S: 156,400 (reported in 1989)
N: Kalmytz, Kalmuk, Kalmuck, Kalmack, Qalmaq: Oirat-Kalmyk, Kalmyk-Oirat; Western Mongolian

G: Badmaev, B.B. 1966. Grammatika kalmyckogo jazyka. Morfologija. Èlista: Kalmyckoe knižnoe izdatel'stvo.

Pjurbeev, G.C. 1977. Grammatika kalmyckogo jazyka: sintaksis prostogo predloženija. Èlista: Kalmyckoe knižnoe izdatel'stvo.

Benzing, Johannes. 1985. Kalmückische Grammatik zum Nachschlagen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Turkic
4. Azerbaijani

A: Azb
L: Azerbaijan (former USSR), West and East Azerbaijan (provinces in Iran), Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Afghanistan
S: 6,614,260 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR, 9,590,000 (reported in 1991) in Iran, and more than 1,000 in the other countries
N: Azeri, Azerbaydzhan

G: Amirpur-Ahrandjani, Manutscher 1971. Der aserbeidschanische Dialekt von Schahpur. Phonologie und Morphologie. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, Bd.11) Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz.

Fraenkel, Gerd 1962. A generative grammar of Azerbaijani. Ph.D. Diss., Indiana University.

Simpson, C.G. 1957. The Turkish language of Soviet Azerbaijan. London.

Širaliev, M. Š. & Sevortjan, E.V. (eds.) 1971. Grammatika azerbajdžanskogo jazyka. Baku: Izdatel'stvo "Elm".

XXX (ed.) 1971. Grammatika azerbajdzanskogo jazyka. Baku.
5. Bashkir

A: Bsh
L: Bashkir Autonomous Republic (Bashkortoston) in the Russian Federation (from the Volga River to beyond the Ural Mountains)
S: 1,047,720 (reported in 1989)
N: Basqort

G: Dmitriev, N.K. 1948. Grammatika baškirskogo jazyka. Moskva.

Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Bashkir manual. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Juldasev, A.A. (ed.) 1981. Grammatika sovremennogo baskirskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moskva: Nauka
6. Chuvash

A: Chu
L: Chuvash Autonomous Republic within the Russian Federation (near the Volga River)
S: 1,408,220 (reported in 1989)
N: Bulgar

G: Andreev, N.A. & Egorov, V.G. & Pavlov, I.P. 1957. Materialy po grammatike sovremennogo Čuvašskogo jazyka. I. Morfologija. Čeboksary, Chuvash ASSR: Čuvašskij naučno-issledovatel'skij institut jazyka.

Krueger, John Richard. 1961. Chuvash Manual. Bloomington: Indiana University.
7. Crimean Tatar

A: CrTtr
L: formerly spoken in the Crimean Peninsula, from where most speakers were deported to Uzbekistan in 1944; also spoken in Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey
S: 251,540 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR and more than 25,000 in the other countries
N: Crimean Turkish
8. Gagauz

A: Ggz
L: Moldova, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria and Rumania
S: 173,000 in the former USSR (reported in 1989), and more than 12,000 (reported in 1979) in the other countries
N: Gagauzi

G: Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka: fonetika i morfologija. Moskva.

Pokrovskaja, l.A. 1978. Sintaksis gagauzskogo jazyka v sravnitel'nom otnosenii. Moskva.
9. Karachai-Balkar

A: Krch
L: Karachay-Cherkes Autonomous Oblast' and Kabardian-Balkar Autonomous Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 230,000 (reported in 1989)
N: Karachay-Balkar, Karachai, Karachayla, Karachaylar, Karachayla

G: Aliev, U.B. 1972. Sintaksis karacaevo-balkarskogo jazyka. Moskva.

Bajramkulov, U. 1930. Grammatika karačaevskogo jazyka. Kislovodsk, Kabardino-Balkar ASSR.
10. Karaim

A: Krm
L: Crimea, southwestern Ukraine, Lithuania
S: 500 (reported in 1989)

G: Prik, O. Ja. 1976. Očerk grammatiki karaimskogo jazyka. Krymskij dialekt. Maxačkala: Dagučpedgiz.

Musaev, K.M. 1964. Grammatika karaimskogo jazyka:fonetika i morfologija. Moskva.
11. Kumyk

A: Kmk
L: Daghestan, Turkey
S: 274,600 (reported in 1989)
N: Kumuk

G: Dmitriev, N.K. 1940. Grammatika kumykskogo jazyka. Moskva-Leningrad.
12. Nogai

A: Nog
L: northern Daghestan and the Cherkes Autonomous Oblast' (in the Russian Federation)
S: 67,600 (reported in 1989)
N: Noghai, Nogay, Noghay

G: Baskakov, N.A. (ed.) 1973. Grammatika nogajskogo jazyka. Cerkessk: Karacaevo-cerkesskoe otdelenie stavropol'skogo kniznogo izdatel'stva.
13. Tatar

A: Ttr
L: Tatarston and adjacent areas (within the Russian Federation), Turkey, Afghanistan, China, Finland
S: 5,532,100 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR and more than 7,000 in the other countries

G: Poppe, Nicholas. 1963. Tatar manual. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Kurbatov, X.R. et al. (eds) 1969-71. Sovremennyj tatarskij literaturnyj jazyk. 2 vols. Moskva.
14. Turkish

A: Trk
L: Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Yugoslavia, Rumania, the Ukraine, Russia
S: 50,000,000 (reported in 1987)
N: Turki, Osmanli, Ottoman Turkish

Caucasian

Nakh-Daghestanian

Daghestanian
15. Agul

A: Agl
L: Agul'skij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 17,700 (reported in 1989)
N: Aghul, Aghulshuy, Aguly

G: Magometov, Aleksandr A. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.
16. Akhvakh

A: Axv
L: Axvaxskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 5,000 (reported in 1975)
N: Axvax

G: Magomedbekova, Z.M. 1967. Axvaxskij jazyk. Tbilisi.
17. Andi

A: And
L: Botlixskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 8,000 to 9,000 (reported in 1975)
N: Andii; Qwannab

G: Cercvadze, I. 1965. Andiuri ena. Tbilisi.
18. Archi

A: Arc
L: Čarodin'skij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 859 (reported in 1975)
N: Archin

G: Kibrik, Aleksandr E. et al. 1977. Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka. 4 vols. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo MGU.
19. Avar

A: Avr
L: southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation) and southern part of Azerbaijan
S: 583,900 (reported in 1989)
N: Dagestani

G: Charachidzé, Grammaire de la langue avare. Paris.

Bokarev, Aleksandr A. 1949. Sintaksis avarskogo jazyka. Moskva-Leningrad.
20. Bagvalal

A: Bgl
L: Cumadinskij and Axvaxskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 5,500 (reported in 1962)
N: Bagulal, Bagval, Bagvalin, Barbalin; Kvanadin, Kvanada

G: Gudava, T. 1967. Bagvaluri ena. Tbilisi.
21. Bezhta

A: Bzht
L: Cuntinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 2,500 (reported in 1975), including speakers of Hunzib
N: Bazhita, Bazheta, Bexita, Bechitin; Kapucha, Kupuca, Kapuchin

G: Madieva, G.I. 1965. Grammatičeskij očerk beztinskogo jazyka. Maxačkala.
22. Botlikh

A: Btl
L: Botlixskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 3,500 (reported in 1962), where the number includes Ghodoberi
N: Botlix

G: Gudava, T. 1963. Botlixuri ena. Tbilisi.
23. Budukh

A: Bdx
L: northern Azarbaijan
S: 2,000 (reported in 1977)
N: Budux, Budug, Bukukhi, Budugi
24. Chamalal

A: Chml
L: Cumadinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 5,500 (reported in 1962)
N: Camalal, Chamalin

G: Bokarev, Aleksandr A. 1949. Očerk grammatiki čamalinskogo jazyka. Moskva-Leningrad.
25. Dargwa

A: Drgw
L: southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 355,800 (reported in 1989)
N: Dargin, Dargva; Xjurkilinskij
R: several mutually unintelligible dialects

G: Abdullaev, S.N. 1954. Grammatika darginskogo jazyka: fonetika i morfologija. Maxačkala.

Abdullaev, Z.G. 1971. Očerki po sintaksisu darginskogo jazyka. Moskva.

Magometov, A.A. 1963. Kubačinskij jazyk. Tbilisi.
26. Godoberi

A: Gdb
L: Botlixskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: ?2,500. Population figures count Ghodoberi together with Botlikh
N: Ghodoberi, Godoberin

G: Saidova, P.A. 1973. Godoberinskij jazyk. Maxačkala.
27. Hinukh

A: Hnx
L: Southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 200 (reported in 1962)
N: Hinux, Ginukh, Ginux

G: Lomtadze, E.A. 1963. Ginuxskij dialekt didojskogo jazyka. Tbilisi.
28. Hunzib

A: Hnz
L: Cuntinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: ?1000. Population figures count Hunzib together with Bezhta
N: Gunzib; Xunzal, Khunzaly, Khunzal; Enzeb
29. Karata

A: Krt
L: Axvaxskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 6,000 (reported in 1962)
N: Karatai; Karain; Kirdi

G: Magomedbekova, Z.M. 1971. Karatinskij jazyk. Tbilisi.
30. Khinalug

A: Xnl
L: northern Azerbaijan
S: 1,500
N: Khinalugh, Khinalugi, Xinalug

G: Deseriev, Ju.D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moskva.

Kibrik, Aleksandr E. et al. 1972. Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka. Moskva.
31. Khvarshi

A: Xvr
L: Cumadinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 1,800 (reported in 1962)
N: Khvarshin, Khvarsh, Xvarshi
32. Kryz

A: Krz
L: Northern Azerbaijan
S: 6,000 (reported in 1975)
N: Kryts, Kryzy; Katsy; Dzek, Dzhek, Dzheki
33. Lak

A: Lak
L: southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 110,470 (reported in 1989)
N: Laki; Kazikumukhtsy

G: Žirkov, L.I. 1955. Lakskij jazyk: fonetika i morfologija. Moskva.
34. Lezgian

A: Lzg
L: southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation) and northern Azerbaijan
S: 426,640 (reported in 1989)
N: Lezgi, Lezghi, Lezgin; Kiurintsy

G: Uslar, Petr K. 1896. Etnografija Kavkaza. VI. Kjurinskij jazyk. Tiflis.

Gadziev, Magomed M. 1954-63. Sintaksis lezginskogo jazyka. Vol. 1. 1954. Vol. 2. 1963. Maxačkala.

Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A Lezgian grammar. (Mouton Grammar Library, 9.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
35. Rutul

A: Rtl
L: Rutul'skij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 19, 330 (reported in 1989)
N: Rutal; Mykhanidy, Mukhad; Chal

G: Ibragimov, Garun X. 1978. Rutul'skij jazyk. Moskva: Nauka.
36. Tabasaran

A: Tbsc
L: Tabasaranskij and Xivskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 93, 550 (reported in 1989)
N: Tabassaran; Ghumghum

G: Magometov, Aleksandr A. 1965. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Tbilisi.

Xanmagomedov, 1971. Očerki po sintaksisu tabasaranskogo jazyka. Maxačkala.
37. Tindi

A: Tnd
L: Cumadinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 5,000 (reported in 1962)
N: Tindal, Tindin
38. Tsakhur

A: Tsx
L: Rutul'skij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation), as well as Zakatal'skij and Caxskij rajon in the northern part of Azerbaijan
S: 19,000 (reported in 1989)
N: Tsaxur, Caxur

G: Ibragimov, Garun X. 1990. Caxurskij jazyk. Moskva: Nauka.
39. Tsez

A: Did
L: Cuntinskij rajon in the southern part of the Daghestanian Republic (in the Russian Federation)
S: 7,000 (reported in 1962)
N: Tsuntin; Dido, Didoi (this is the Georgian name of Tsez)
40. Udi

A: Udi
L: northwestern Azerbaijan and eastern Georgia
S: 6, 830 (reported in 1989)
N: Udin, Uti

G: Schulze, Wolfgang. 1982. Die Sprache der Uden in Nord-Azerbajdzan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Nakh
41. Chechen

A: Che
L: Chechnia-Ingushetia (autonomous republic within the Russian Federation), Kazakhstan, Georgia, Jordan
S: 938, 770 (reported in 1989 for the former USSR)
N: Cecen

G: Jakovlev, Nikolaj F. 1940. Sintaksis čečenskogo jazyka. Moskva & Leningrad.

Deseriev, Ju. D. 1960. Sovremennyj čečenskij literaturnyj jazyk, 1: fonetika. Groznyj.
42. Ingush

A: Ingu
L: Chechnia-Ingushetia (autonomous republic within the Russian Federation)
S: 230, 290 (reported in 1989)
N: Ingus

G: Mal'sagov, Z.K. 1963. Grammatika ingusskogo jazyka. 2nd edn. Groznyj.
43. Tsova-Tush

A: Bts
L: Axmetskij rajon in Georgia
S: 2,500 to 3,000 (reported in 1975)
N: Tush; Bats, Batsbi, Batsi (this is the self-designation of Tsova-Tush speakers; however, they prefer to be called Tsova-Tush by outsiders)

G: Dešeriev, Ju. D. 1953. Bacbijskij jazyk. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR.

Abkhaz-Adyghean
44. Abaza

A: Abz
L: Karachay-Cherkes Autonomous Oblast' and the Daghestanian Republic in the western part of the northern Caucasus (in the former USSR), as well as in Turkey
S: 31,400 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR and 5,000 to 30,000 in Turkey
N: Abazin, Tapanta, Ashuwa, Bezshagh (?)

G: Genko, A.N. 1955. Abazinskij jazyk. Moskva.
45. Abkhaz

A: Abx
L: Abkhazia (Autonomous Republic in Georgia) and Turkey
S: 98,400 (reported in 1989) in Abkhazia and 4,000 in Turkey
N: Abxaz, Abkhazian

G: Aristava, S.K. et al. 1968. Grammatika abxazskogo jazyka. Suxum: Alasara.

Hewitt, George B. 1979. Abkhaz. Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.

Spruit, A. 1986. Abkhaz studies. Dissertation, University of Leiden.
46. Adyghe

A: Adg
L: Adyghe Autonomous Oblast' and the Cherkes Autonomous Republic in the Caucasus (in the former USSR), Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Israel
S: 118, 200 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR, and 155,000 in other countries
N: Adyge, Adygey, Adigei, Adygei, Adyghian, Adygh; Circassian, Lower Circassian, West Circassian; Kiakh, Kjax.

R: Adyghe and Kabardian are sometimes regarded as varieties of a single language, Circassian or Adygh

G: Jakovlev, Nikolaj F. & Asxamaf, D. 1940. Grammatika adygejskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR

Rogava, G.V. & Keraseva, Z.I. 1966. Grammatika adygejskogo jazyka. Majkop.

Smeets, Rieks. Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology. Leiden.
47. Kabardian

A: Kbr
L: Karachay-Cherkes Autonomous Oblast' and the Kabardo-Balkar Autonomous Republic in the western part of the northern Caucasus (in the former USSR), as well as in Saudi Arabia, Turkey and USA.
S: 379,840 for Kabardian and 47,320 for Cherkes (reported in 1989) in the former USSR
N: Kabard; Kabardo-Cherkes; Upper Circassian, East Circassian; Beslenei

G: Bagov, P.M. et al. 1970. Grammatika kabardino-čerkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. C. 1. Fonetika i morfologija. 1970. Moskva: Nauka.

Jakovlev, Nikolaj F. 1948. Grammatika literaturnogo kabardino-čerkesskogo jazyka. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR.

Kuipers, Aert H. 1960. Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (Eastern Adyghe). (Janua Linguarum, series minor, 8) The Hague: Mouton & Co.

Rogava, G.V. et al. 1957. Grammatika kabardino-čerkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Tbilisi: Institut jazykoznanija AN Gruzinskoj SSR.

XXX (ed.) 1957. Grammatika kabardino-čerkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moskva.
48. Ubykh

A: Ubx
L: Formerly spoken in the valleys of the Caucasus east of the Black Sea
S: 1 speaker 82 years old (reported in 1984)
N: Ubyx, Oubykh; Pekhi

Kartvelian
49. Georgian

A: Grg
L: Georgia
S: 3,500,000

G: Aronson, Howard J. 1982. Georgian - A reading grammar. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica.

Fähnrich, H. 19??. Kurze Grammatik der georgischen Sprache. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie.

Rudenko, B.T. 1972. Grammatika gruzinskogo jazyka. (Janua Linguarum, series anastatica, 7.) The Hague: Mouton & Co.

Tschenkéli, Kita. 1958. Einführung in die georgische Sprache. Bd. 1-2. Zürich: Amirani.

Vogt, Hans. 1971. Grammaire de la langue géorgienne. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
50. Laz

A: Laz
L: southern shore of the Black Sea
S: 50,000
N: Chan

G: Anderson, Ralph D. 1963. A grammar of Laz. Ph.D. Diss., University of Texas.
51. Megrelian

A: Mngr
L: Georgia
S: 360,000
N: Mingrelian
52. Svan

A: Svn
L: northwestern Georgia
S: 43,000

Indo-European

Albanic
53. Albanian

A: Alb
L: Albania, Kosovo, southern Italy, Greece, Ukraine
S: 5, 298 000 (reported in 1991)

G: Buchholz, Oda & Fiedler, Wilfried. 1987. Albanische Grammatik. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie.

Camaj, Martin 1969. Lehrbuch der albanischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.

Gurakuqi, Karl. 1967. Grammatica albanese dell'uso moderno. Palermo.

Mann, Stuart E. 1944. A short Albanian grammar. London: D. Nutt.

Newmark, Leonard. 1982. Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Pekmezi, Gjerg 1908. Grammatik der albanischen Sprache, Laut- und Formenlehre. Vienna.

Armenian
54. (Modern) Armenian

A: Arm
L: Armenia, eastern Turkey, Middle East
S: 6,000,000

R: two written standards, East Armenian and West Armenian

G: Abeghian, A. 1936. Neuarmenische Grammatik. Berlin-Leipzig.

Fairbanks, Gordon H. 1958. Spoken East Armenian. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.

Gulian, Kevork H. 1957. Elementary modern Armenian grammar. New York, NY: Frederick Ungar.

Kogian, S.L. 1949. Armenian grammar (West dialect). Vienna: Mekhitarist Press.
55. Classical Armenian

A: ClArm
L: Armenia, eastern Asia Minor
N: Grabar

Balto-Slavic

Baltic
56.Latvian

A: Ltv
L: Latvia, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belorussia, the Ukraine
S: around 1,550,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Lettish

G: Endzelin, J. 1922. Lettische Grammatik. Riga. (Heidelberg, 1923)

Fennel, Trevor Garth & Gelson, Henry. 1980. A Grammar of modern Latvian. Vol. 1-3. The Hague: Mouton.

Lazdi_a, T.B. 1966. Latvian. London: English Universities Press.
57. Lithuanian

A: Lith
L: Lithuania
S: around 3,560,000 (reported in 1989)

G: Ambrazas, V. et al. 1985. Grammatika litovskogo jazyka. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Dambriunas, L. & Klimas, A. & Schmalstieg, William R. 1972. Introduction to modern Lithuanian. Rev. edn. Brooklyn, N.Y.

Schmalstieg, William R. 1988. A Lithuanian historical syntax. Columbus, OH: Slavica.

Senn, Alfred. 1966. Handbuch der litauischen Sprache. Vol. 1. Grammatik.
58. Old Prussian

A: OPrs
L: East Prussia, attested in religious texts from the 15th and 16th centuries
S: became extinct in the 17th century

G: Endzelin, J. 1944. Altpreußische Grammatik. Riga.

Schmalstieg, William R. 1974. An Old Prussian grammar. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.

Slavic
59. Belorussian

A: Bylr
L: Belorussia, Poland
S: 7,116,750 (reported in 1989) in Belorussia and 190,000 (reported in 1991) in Poland
N: Byelorussian; White Russian; White Ruthenian

G: Biryla, M.V. (ed.) 1985-86. Belaruskaja hramatyka: u 2 c. 1. fanalohija, arfaepija, marfalohija, slovautvarenne, nacisk. 1985. 2. Sintaksis. 1986. Minsk: Navuka i Texnika.

Lomtev, Timafei P. 1956. Grammatika belorusskogo jazyka. Moskva: Učpedgiz.
60. Bulgarian

A: Blg
L: Bulgaria, Moldavia, Rumania, Greece, Turkey
S: 9,000,000 (reported in 1986)

G: Beaulieux, Léon. 1950. Grammaire de la langue bulgare. 2nde éd., revue et corr. Paris: Institut d'études slaves.

Maslov, Jurij S. 1956. Očerk bolgarskoj grammatiki. Moscow: Isdatel'stvo Literatury na inostrannyx Jazykax.

Scatton, Ernest A. 1984. A reference grammar of Modern Bulgarian. Columbus, OH: Slavica.
61. Czech

A: Cz
L: Czechia, Slovakia, the Ukraine, Poland, Austria
S: 11,700,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Bohemian
62. Kashubian

A: Ksh
L: Poland (on the left bank of the lower Vistula River, on the coast west of Gdansk, and southwest from Gdynia)
S: 200,000 (reported in 1977)
N: Cassubian

R: often considered a dialect of Polish

G: Lorentz, Friedrich. 1925. Geschichte der pomoranischen (kaschubischen) Sprache. Berlin & Leipzig: de Gruyter.

Perkowski, Jan Louis. 1969. A Kashubian idiolect in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana University.
63. Macedonian

A: Mcd
L: Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Canada
S: 2,000,000 (reported in 1986)

G: Lunt, Horace G. 1952. A grammar of the Macedonian literary language. Skopje.

Bojic, Vera & Oschlies, Wolf. 1986. Lehrbuch der makedonischen Sprache. 2. Aufl. München: Sagner.
64. Polabian

A: Polb
L: along the river Elbe (Germany)
S: became extinct around 1800
65. Polish

A: Pol
L: Poland, Lithuania, the Ukraine, Belorussian, USA
S: 40,500,000 (reported in 1986)
66. Russian

A: Rus
L: Russia and adjacent areas
S: around 155,000,000 first-language speakers (reported in 1979) and 115,000,000 second-language speakers
67. Serbo-Croatian

A: SCr
L: Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Montenegro, Hungary, Austria, Turkey, USA, Canada, Australia
S: 19,000,000 (reported in 1981)
N: Serbo-Croat (preferred in British English), Croato-Serbian
R: There are two written standard varieties, a western variety written in the Roman alphabet ("Croatian") and an eastern variety written in the Cyrillic alphabet ("Serbian")
68. Slovak

A: Slva
L: Slovakia and adjacent areas, USA, Canada, the Ukraine
S: 5,360,000 (reported in 1985)
69. Slovene

A: Slve
L: Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Hungary
S: 2,220,000 (reported in 1985)
N: Slovenian

G: Lencek, Rado L. 1982. The structure and history of the Slovene language. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publ.

Svane, Gunnar O. 1958. Grammatik der slowenischen Schriftsprache. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
70. Sorbian, Lower

A: LSrb
L: eastern Germany
S: ?
N: Sorabe; Lower Lusatian, Saxon Lusatian; Dolna Luzica; Windisch, Wendish
71. Sorbian, Upper

A: USrb
L: eastern Germany
S: 74,000 (reported in 1976)
N: Sorabe; Upper Lusatian; Windisch, Wendish

G: Fasske, Helmut. 1981. Grammatik der obersorbischen Schriftsprache der Gegenwart. Bautzen: Domowina Verlag.
72. Ukrainian

A: Ukr
L: the Ukraine and adjacent areas, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Rumania
S: 45,000,000 (reported in 1986)
N: formerly called Little Russian

G: Luckyj, G. & Rudnyc'kyj, Jaroslav B. 1958. A modern Ukrainian grammar. Winnipeg.

Medushevsky, A.P. & Zyatkovska, R. 1963. Ukrainian grammar. Kiev: Radjans'ka Škola.

Rusanovskij, V.M. (ed.) 1986. Ukrainskaja grammatika. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.

Shevelov, George Y. 1963. The syntax of Modern Literary Ukrainian: The simple sentence. (Slavistic Printings and Reprintings). The Hague: Mouton.
73. Old Church Slavonic

A: OCS
L: the written standard is based on the dialect of Thessalonike, but Old Church Slavonic was used as a sacred language throughout the Slavic-speaking world
S: attested in numerous religious texts from the 9th century onwards
N: Old Bulgarian

G: Aitzetmueller, Rudolf. 1978. Altbulgarische Grammatik also Einführung in die slavische Sprachwissenschaft. Freiburg i. Br.: Weiher.

Lunt, Horace G. 1955. Old Church Slavonic grammar. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton.

Schmalstieg, William R. 1983. Introduction to Old Church Slavic. 2nd ed. Columbus, ohio: Slavica Publ.

Vaillant, A. Le vieux slave.

Celtic
74. Breton

A: Brt
L: Brittany (France)
S: 570.000 (reported in 1991)
N: Brezhoneg

G: Guillevic, A. 1942. Grammaire bretonne du dialecte de Vannes. 4thed. Vannes: Librairie Lafolye & J. de Lamarzelle.

Hardie, D.W.F. 1948. A handbook of Modern Breton (Armorican). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Hemon, Roparz 1966. Grammaire bretonne. 5th ed. La Baule: Al Liamm.

La Gléau, René. 1973. Syntaxe du Breton moderne 1710-1972. LaBaule: Éditions La Baule.

McKenna, Malachi. 1988. A Handbook of modern spoken Breton. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Press, Ian. 1986. A Grammar of modern Breton. [Mouton Grammar Library] Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Trêpous, Pierre. n.d. (ca. 1970). Grammaire bretonne. Rennes: Imp. Simon. Galician
75. Cornish

A: Crn
L: extinct since before 1800 as a first language. Formerly spoken in Cornwall, southwest England.
R: currently being revived for cultural purposes

G: Ellis, P. Berresford. 1974. The Cornish language and its literature. London [etc.]: Routledge & Paul.
76. Irish

A: Ir
L: Ireland, Northern Ireland (UK)
S: 170.000 (reported in 1991 for Ireland)
N: (Irish) Gaelic; Erse

G: Bammesberger, Alfred. 1982- A Handbook of Irish. Vol. 1-3. Heidelberg: Winter.

Christian Brothers, The. 1962. New Irish Grammar. Dublin: Fallons.

McCloskey, Michael James. 1978. A fragment of a grammar of Modern Irish. (Texas linguistic forum, 12). Austin, TX: University of Texas.

O'Nolan, Gerald. 1934. The new era grammar of Modern Irish. Dublin: Educational Company of Ireland.
77. Manx

A: Mnx
L: extinct as a first language during the 20th century. Formerly spoken on the Isle of Manx, UK.
R: a second language for 200 to 300 people; used for some public functions

G: Broderick, George. 1984. A Handbook of late spoken Manx. Vol. 1-2. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Kneen, J.J. 1931. A grammar of the Manx language. London: Oxford University Press (Reprint 1973, Douglas: The Manx Gaelic Society).
78. Scottish Gaelic

A: ScGl
L: Scotland (UK), Canada
S: 80.000 (reported in 1991) in the UK and 5.000 (reported in 1971) in Canada
N: Scots Gaelic, Gaelic

G: Calder, George. 1923. A Gaelic Grammar. Glasgow. Repr. 1972. Glasgow: Gairm Publ.

Dorian, Nancy C. 1978. East Sutherland Gaelic: the dialect of the Brora, Golspie, and Embo fishing communities. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
79. Welsh

A: Wls
L: Wales (UK) and Canada
S: 550.000 (reported in 1991) in the UK and 3.160 (reported in 1971) in Canada
N: Cymraeg, Cymric

G: Jones, John Morris. 1955. A Welsh Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Jones, Morris & Allan R. Thomas. 1977. The Welsh language: studies in its syntax and semantics. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Williams, Stephen J. 1980. A Welsh grammar. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Germanic
80. Danish

A: Dan
L: Denmark, Greenland, northern Germany
S: 5,280,000 (reported in 1980)
81. Dutch

A: Dut
L: the Netherlands, Belgium, Surinam
S: more than 21,000,000 (reported in 1991)
N: Nederlands; Hollands; Flemish, Vlaams, Flamand
82. English

A: Eng
L: British Isles, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
S: more than 403,000,000 first language speakers and around 397,000,000 second-language speakers (estimated in 1984)
83. Faroese

A: Far
L: the Faroe Islands, Denmark
S: 47,000 (reported in 1978)

G: Krenn, Ernst. 1940. Färöische Sprachlehre. Heidelberg: Winter.

Lockwood, W.B. 1964. An introduction to Modern Faroese. Copenhagen: Munksgård.
84. Frisian

A: Frs
L: northern Netherlands, northwestern Germany
S: 751,000 (reported in 1976)
N: Frysk or Fries for Western Frisian
R: subdivided into Eastern, Northern and Western Frisian

G: Anglade, J. 1966. Petit manuel de frison moderne de l'ouest. Groningen: Wolters.

Sipma, P. 1913. Phonology and grammar of Modern West Frisian. London: Oxford University Press (Publications of the Philological Society).

Tiersma, Pieter M. 1985. Frisian reference grammar. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
85. German

A: Grm
L: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Liechtenstein
S: more than 120,000,000 (reported in 1981)
R: many dialects are not mutually comprehensible. Especially the Low German dialect group may be regarded as a separate language
86. Gothic

A: Goth
L: southern Europe
S: Attested in a bible translation of the 4th century. Continued to be spoken in the Crimea, but is now extinct

G: Braune, W. ¹⁶1961. Gotische Grammatik. Neu bearbeitet von E.A. Ebbinghaus. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.

Krause, Wolfgang. 1968. Handbuch des Gotischen. 3. Aufl. München: Beck.

Wright, J. 1910. Grammar of the Gothic language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Icelandic

A: Ice
L: Iceland
S: 250,000 (reported in 1980)

G: Kress, Bruno. 1982. Isländische Grammatik. München: Hueber.

Einarsson, Stefan. 1967. Icelandic: grammar, texts, glossary. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins Press.
88. Luxembourgeois

A: Lux
L: Luxembourg, Belgium
S: 336,000 or more speakers (reported in 1976)
N: Luxemburgian, Luxembourgish, Letzburgisch, Lëtzeburgesch
89. Norwegian

A: Nor
L: Norway
S: 5,000,000 (reported in 1986)
R: two varieties - Bokmål (Riksmål, Dano-Norwegian) and Nynorsk (Landsmål, New Norse)
90. Swedish

A: Swd
L: Sweden, Finland, USA, Canada
S: 10,000,000 (reported in 1986)
91. Yiddish

A: Yid
L: eastern Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belorussia, Germany, Israel, Canada, USA
S: 2,080,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Judeo-German

G: Birnbaum, Solomon Asher. 1979. Yiddish. A survey and a grammar. Manchester University Press.

Katz, Dovid. 1987. Grammar of the Yiddish language. London: Duckworth.

Greek
92. Classical Greek

A: ClGrk
L: Greece, eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea
N: Ancient Greek
93. Modern Greek

A: Grk
L: Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Turkey, Albania, Egypt, the Ukraine and adjacent areas
S: around 11,500,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Romaic; Neo-Hellenic
94. Pontic

A: Pon
L: Greece (near Athens) and, probably, Turkey
S: ?
R: sometimes considered a dialect of Modern Greek
95. Tsakonian

A: Tsk
L: eastern coast of the Peloponnesos, Greece
S: 10,000 (reported in 1981)
R: sometimes considered a dialect of Modern Greek

Indo-Iranian

Indic
96. Romany

A: Rmny
L: all over Europe and the Near East
S: more than 2,500,000 (reported in 1986); the exact number of speakers is difficult to estimate
N: Gypsy, Romani
R: several varieties of Romany, some of which are not mutually intelligible

G: Ventcel', Tat'jana V. 1988. Die Zigeunersprache (nordrussischer Dialekt). 2. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie. (Translation of: Ventcel', T.V. 1964. Cyganskij jazyk (severorusskij dialekt). Moskva.)

Iranian
97. Kirmanji

A: Krmn
L: Turkey, Syria, Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon
S: 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 (estimated in 1987)
N: Kurmanji, Kermanji; Northern Kurdish
R: often considered a dialect of (Northern) Kurdish

G: Bakaev, Čerkes Xudoevič. 1973. Jazyk Kurdov SSSR. Moskva: Nauka.

Bedir-Khan, Celadet & Roger Lescot. 1970. Grammaire kurde (dialecte kurmandji). Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.

Bedir-Khan, Kamuran Ali. 1953. Langue kurde. Paris.

Bedir, Paul. 1926. Grammaire kurde. Paris: Librairie Orientale P. Geuthner.

Blau, Jean 1975. Le kurde de Amadiya et de Djabal Sindjar: Analyse linguistique, textes folkloriques, glossaires. (Travaux de l'Institut d'Etudes iraniennes de l'Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.

Fossum, Ludwig O. 1919. A practical Kurdish grammar. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House.

Mackenzie, David N. 1961-2. Kurdish dialect studies (London Oriental Series, 9 & 10). 2 Vols. London: Oxford University Press.

Soane, Ely B. 1913. Grammar of the Kurmanji or Kurdish language. London: Luzac & Co.
98. Ossetic

A: Oss
L: Ossetia (northern Caucasus, Russian Federation) and Georgia
S: 520,100 (reported in 1989)
N: Ossete

G: Abaev, Vasilij Ivanovic.1964. A grammatical sketch of Ossetic. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Isaev, M.I. 1966. Digorskij dialekt osetinskogo jazyka. Moskva.
99. Talysh

A: Tls
L: southern Azerbaijan and the adjacent areas in Iran
S: 165,000 to 195,000 (estimated in 1982)
N: Talishi, Talesh
100. Tati

A: Tti
L: Azerbaijan, Daghestan
S: ? 22,040 (reported in 1989)
N: Tat; represented by two main varieties - Jewish Tati (Judoe-Tat, Judeo-Tatic, Hebrew Tat, Jewish Tat, Dzuhuric), and Mussulman Tati (Mussulman Tat, Muslim Tat)
R: the so-called Tat dialects in North-western Iran represent, probably, a different language

G: Grjunberg, A.L. 1963. Jazyk severoazerbajdzanskix tatov. Leningrad.

Italic

Romance
101. Aragonese

A: Arag
L: Aragon (Spain)
S: ?
R: sometimes considered a dialect of Spanish
102. Asturian

A: Astu
L: Asturia
S: ?
R: sometimes considered a dialect of Spanish
103. Catalan

A: Ctl
L: northeastern Spain, France, Andorra, Italy, USA
S: 8,840,000 (reported in 1976)
N: Catalonian
R: an official regional language in Spain

G: Badia Margarit, Antonio M. 1962. Gramatica catalana. T. 1.2. Madrid: Gredos.

Fabra, Ponmpeu. 1964. Grammaire catalane. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

Gili, Joan 1967. Introductory Catalan grammar. Oxford: The Dolphin Book Co.
104. Corsican

A: Cors
L: Corsica (France)
S: ?
R: often considered a dialect of Italian
105. Dalmatian

A: Dlm
L: extinct since the late 19th century; formerly spoken on the coast of Yugoslavia
N: Ragusan
106. Franco-Provençal

A: FPrv
L: southeastern France, northeastern Italy
S: ?
R: Franco-Provençal is a term invented by linguists for a number of transitional dialects that are neither French nor Italian
107. French

A: Fr
L: France, Wallonia, Switzerland, Quebec, Louisiana, Haiti, French Guiana
S: 109,000,000 (reported in 1987)
108. Friulian

A: Frln
L: northeast Italy and adjacent areas of the former Yugoslavia
S: 600,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Friulan, Frioulan, Priulian
109. Galician

A: Glc
L: northwestern Spain (Galicia Province) and Portugal
S: 3,170,000

G: Carballo Calero, Ricardo. 1966. Gramática elemental del Gallego Común. 2nd ed. Vigo: Galaxia.
110. Italian

A: It
L: Italy, Ticino
S: 55,000,000
R: many unintelligible dialects, held together by a common written standard based on the Tuscan dialect
111. Ladin

A: Ldn
L: northern Italy (South Tyrol and the Dolomites)
S: 30,000 to 35,000 (reported in 1976)
N: Dolomite, Dolomitic; Ladino
R: distinct from Ladino, or Judeo-Spanish in Israel and Turkey
112. Occitan

A: Prv
L: southeastern France, Italy, Monaco
S: 10,200,000 (reported in 1976)
N: the older name was Provençal
R: Occitan has increasing status as a literary language, but no variety is accepted as standard

G: Bec, Pierre. 1967. La langue occitane. (Que sais-je? No. 1059). 2nd ed. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Camproux, Charles 1958. Étude syntaxique des parlers gévaudanais. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Compan, André. 1965. La langue niçoise. Nice: Éditions Tiranty.

Durand, Bruno. 1941. Grammaire provençale. 3rd ed. Aix-en-Provence: Labre.

Kelly, Reine Cardaillac. 1973. A descriptive analysis of Gascon. (Janua linguarum, series practica, 138). The Hague: Mouton & Co.

Salvat, Joseph. 1973. Grammaire occitane: des parlers languedociens. 3rd ed. Toulouse: Privat.

Teulat, Roger. 1976. Mémento grammatical de l'occitan reférentiel. Sauvagnas: Cap e cap ed. occitanas.

Xavier de Fourvières, Rodolphe Rieux. 1966. Grammaire provencale suivie d'un guide de conversation. Avignon: Aubanel.
113. Portuguese

A: Prt
L: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, East Timor
S: 154,000,000 (reported in 1987)
114. Romansh

A: Rmns
L: Graubünden Canton (Switzerland, on the border with Austria and Italy)
S: 65,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Romantsch, Romanche, Rumantsch, Rhaetian, Rhaeto-Romance (this latter term is sometimes applied to the group consisting of Romansh, Ladin, and Friulian)
R: includes varieties called Engadin and Surselvan. One of the national languages of Switzerland

G: Gartner, Theodor. 1973. Raetoromanische Grammatik. Repr. 1973. Walluf bei Wiesbaden: Sändig.

Gregor, Douglas Bartlett. 1982. Romontsch. Cambridge: Oleander Press.
115. Rumanian

A: Rum
L: Romania, Moldavia, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania
S: 23,000,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Daco-Rumanian, Romanian
R: the divergent dialects Istro-Rumanian (Istria), Megleno-Rumanian (northern Greece), and especially Arumanian (southern Balkan) are sometimes considered separate languages. The variety of Moldavia /Moldova had a distinct written form based on the Cyrillic alphabet until 1989 and was considered a separate language in the Soviet Union.
116. Sardinian

A: Srd
L: Sardinia (Italy)
S: more than 1,500,000 (reported in 1977)
R: exist in several varieties - Sardinian Campidanese (South Sardinian), Sardinian Gallurese (Northeastern Sardinian), Sardinian Logudorese (Central Sardinian, Sard, or Sardarese), and Sardinian Sassarese (Northwestern Sardinian). Central Sardinian is the second official language used in Sardinia.

G: Wagner, Max Leopold. 1951. La lingua sarda. Storia, spirito e forma. Berna: Francke.
117. Spanish

A: Spn
L: Spain, the Canary Islands, Gibraltar, South America, Mexico and Central America, the Caribbean, USA, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Canada, Australia, France, Morocco
S: around 266,000,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Castilian
R: the standard language is based on the Castilian dialect
118. Latin

A: Ltn
L: originally the Latium area of Italy (around Rome), later the Roman empire
R: Latin was long used as a written language throughout most of Europe and exerted heavy influence on many European languages

other Italic
119. Oscan

A: Osc
L: most of southern Italy until 1st centiry BC
S: was still in use at Pompeii until AD 79
120. Umbrian

A: Umb
L: Iguvium (Gubbio) (tabulae iguvinae, the chief document of Umbrian)
S: attested from 350 to 50 BC

Uralic

Finno-Ugrian
121. Estonian

A: Est
L: Estonia, Latvia, Russian Federation
S: 980,000 (reported in 1989) in the former USSR, and around 100,000 in the other countries

G: Harms, Robert T. 1962. Estonian grammar. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Tauli, Valter. 1973. Standard Estonian grammar. Vol. 1-2. Uppsala.
122. Finnish

A: Fin
L: Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Norway
S: 5,540,000 (reported in 1987)
123. Hungarian

A: Hng
L: Hungary, Rumania and adjacent areas
S: 14,400,000 (reported in 1986)
N: Magyar
124. Ingrian

A: Ingr
L: to the west of St. Petersburg, and in Sweden
S: 302 (reported in 1989) in the Russian Federation, and from 60 to 80 in Sweden
N: Izhor
R: sometimes regarded as a dialect of Karelian
125. Karelian

A: Krl
L: Karelian Autonomous Republic and the adjacent areas within the Russian Federation, as well as Finland
S: 52, 540 (reported in 1989) in the Russian Federation, and 40,000 (reported in 1979) in Finland
R: distinct from the souteastern dialects of Finnish which are sometimes called 'Karelian'; the Ludic (Ljudikovskij) dialect is occasionally considered a separate language

G: Raun, Alo 1964. Karelian survey (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic languages, project no. 9). Cleveland: OH: Bell & Howell. 77pp.
126. Komi-Permyak

A: KomP
L: Komi-Permyak National Okrug (within the Russian Federation), west of the central Ural Mountains
S: 106,530 (reported in 1989)
N: Permyak
R: a variety of Komi-Zyryan, but has status as a separate literary language

G: Batalova, R.M. et al. 1962. Komi-permjackij jazyk. Kudymkar.
127. Komi-Zyryan

A: Kom
L: Komi Autonomous Republic (within the Russian Federation), near the Arctic Ocean
S: 242,500 (reported in 1989)
N: Komi; Zyryan

G: Austerlitz, Robert 1964. Permian (Votyak-Zyrien) manual. (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic languages, project no. 64). Cleveland: OH: Bell & Howell.

Lytkin, V.I. (ed.) 1955-64. Sovremennyj komi jazyk. 2 vols. Syktyvkar.
128. Livonian

A: Lvn
L: Latvia, the Kurland (Courland) peninsula
S: 99 (reported in 1989)
N: Liv

G: Sjögren, Johann Andreas. 1861. Livische Grammatik. St.Petersburg.

Kettunen, L. 1938. Grammatische Einleitung. In: L. Kettunen, Livisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki.
129. Mari

A: Mar
L: Mari and Bashkir Autonomous Republics within the Russian Federation, on the left bank of the Volga river
S: 773,800 (reported in 1989)
N: Cheremis
R: two written standards, High Mari and Low Mari

G: Gruzov, L.P. 1960. Sovremennyj marijskij jazyk: fonetika. Joškar-Ola.

Timofeeva, V.T. 1961. Sovremennyj marijskij jazyk: sintaksis složnogo predloženija. Joskar-Ola.

XXX (ed.) 1961. Sovremennyj marijskij jazyk: morfologija. Joškar-Ola.
130. Mordvin

A: Mrd
L: Mordvin Autonomous Republic (within the Russian Federation, western Volga region).
S: 773,820 (reported in 1989)
N: Mordva
R: two written standards, Erzya(-Mordvin), or Mordvin-Erzya, and Moksha(-Mordvin), or Mordvin-Moksha.

G: Koljadenkov, M.N. 1959. Struktura prostogo predlozenija v mordovskix jazykax. Saransk.

Paasonen, Heikki 1909. Mordwinische Chrestomathie mit Glossar und grammatikalischem Abriss. Helsinki: Finnisch-Ugrische Gesellschaft.

Raun, Alo 1964. Mordvin manual. (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic languages, project no. 39). Cleveland: OH: Bell & Howell.

Zavodova, R.A. & Koljadenkov, M.N. (eds.) 1964. Grammatika mordovskix (moksanskogo i erzjanskogo) jazykov.
131. Udmurt

A: Udm
L: Udmurtia (Autonomous Republic within the Russian Federation) and adjacent areas
S: 520,100 (reported in 1989)
N: Votyak

G: Perevoscikov, P.N. (ed.) 1962. Grammatika sovremennogo udmurtskogo jazyka. Izevsk.

Vaxruseva, V.M. et al. (eds) 1974. Grammatika sovremennogo udmurtskogo jazyka. Sintaksis sloznogo predlozenija. Izevsk: Udmurtija.

XXX (ed.) 1970. Grammatika sovremennogo udmurtskogo jazyka. Sintaksis prostogo predloženija. Izevsk.
132. Vepsian

A: Vps
L: nortwestern Russia, in the triangle formed by the lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Beloe Ozero
S: 6,350 (reported in 1989)
N: Veps

G: Zajceva, M.I. 1981. Grammatika vepsskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka.
133. Votian

A: Vtc
L: nortwestern Russia, between Saint Petersburg and Estonia
S: 28 (reported in 1979)
N: Votic, Vote

G: Ariste, Paul. 1968. A grammar of the Votic language. Bloomington: Indiana University.
134. Sami

A: Sam
L: northern Scandinavia, northern Russia
S: 20,000
N: Lapp, Lappish, Saami
R: several Sami languages have to be distinguished, at least Northern Sami, Southern Sami, and Eastern Sami

(perhaps up to 11)

G: Collinder, Björn 1949. The Lappish dialect of Jukkasjarvi: A morphological survey. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.

Kert, G.M. 1971. Saamskij jazyk (kil'dinskij dialekt). Leningrad.

Samoyedic
135. Nenets

A: Nnts
L: across a vast area stretching from the White Sea in European Russia to the delta of the Yenisei river in Asia
S: 26,730 (reported in 1989)
N: Yurak, Yurak Samoyed

G: Décsy, Gyula. 1966. Yurak Chrestomathy (Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 50). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.

Kuprijanova, Z.N. et al. 1957. Neneckij jazyk. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe Učebno-Pedagogičeskoe Izdatel'stvo Ministerstva Prosveščenija RSFSR.

Basque
136. Basque

A: Bsq
L: Basque country (northeastern Spain and southwestern France (département Pyrénées-Atlantiques))
S: 990,000 (reported in 1991)

G: Arotçarena, Abbé. 1951. Grammaire basque (dialectes navarrolabourdins). Tours: Maison Mame.

Gavel, Henri 1929. Grammaire basque. Tome 1: Phonétique, Partiesdu discours autres que le verbe. Bayonne: Imprimerie du "Courier".

Gavel, Henri & Georges Lacombe. 1937. Grammaire basque. Tome 2,Premier fascicule: Le verbe. Bayonne: Imprimerie de la"Presse".

Houghtan, H.P. 1961. An introduction to the Basque language.Leiden: Brill.

Lafitte, P. 1944. Grammaire Basque: Navarro-labourdin littéraire. Bayonne.

Saltarelli, Mario. 1988. Basque. [Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars] London: Croom Helm.

Etruscan
137. Etruscan

A: Etr
L: attested over a large area of central and northern Italy

G: Stoltenberg, H.L. 1950. Etruskische Sprachlehre mit vollständigem Wörterbuch. Leverkusen: Gottschalk.
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